NETCONF T. Zhou Internet-Draft G. Zheng Intended status: Standards Track Huawei Expires: 21 April 2025 E. Voit Cisco Systems T. Graf Swisscom P. Francois INSA-Lyon 18 October 2024 Subscription to Distributed Notifications draft-ietf-netconf-distributed-notif-10 Abstract This document describes extensions to the YANG notifications subscription to allow metrics being published directly from processors on line cards to target receivers, while subscription is still maintained at the route processor in a distributed forwarding system. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 21 April 2025. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Solution Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. Subscription Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Publication Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Subscription State Change Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Publisher Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9. YANG Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10. YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12.1. Open Source Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12.2. Open Source Receiver Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12.3. Pmacct Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12.4. Huawei VRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12.5. 6WIND VSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 14. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.1. Dynamic Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.2. Configured Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 1. Introduction The mechanism to support a subscription of a continuous and customized stream of updates from a YANG datastore [RFC8342] is defined in [RFC8639] and [RFC8641]. Requirements for Subscription to YANG Datastores are defined in [RFC7923]. By streaming data from publishers to receivers, much better performance and fine-grained sampling can be achieved than with a polling-based mechanism. In a distributed forwarding system, the packet forwarding is delegated to multiple processors on line cards. To not to overwhelm the route processor resources, it is not uncommon that data records are published directly from processors on line cards to target Receivers to further increase efficiency on the routing system. This document complements the general subscription requirements defined in section 4.2.1 of [RFC7923] by the paragraph: A Subscription Service MAY support the ability to export from multiple software processes on a single routing system and expose the information which software process produced which message to maintain data integrity. 2. Terminologies The following terms are defined in [RFC8639] and are not redefined here: Subscriber Publisher Receiver Subscription In addition, this document defines the following terms: Global Subscription: is the Subscription requested by the subscriber. It may be decomposed into multiple Component Subscriptions. Component Subscription: is the Subscription that defines a data source which is managed and controlled by a single Publisher. Global Capability: is the overall subscription capability that the group of Publishers can expose to the Subscriber. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 Component Capability: is the subscription capability that each Publisher can expose to the Subscriber. Master: is the Publisher that interacts with the Subscriber to deal with the Global Subscription. It decomposes the Global Subscription to multiple Component Subscriptions and interacts with the Agents. Agent: is the Publisher that interacts with the Master to deal with the Component Subscription and pushing the data to the Receiver. Node: is the Publisher that obtains and pushes the data to the Receiver. Message Publisher: is the Publisher that pushes the message to the Receiver. Message Publisher ID: A 32-bit identifier of the publishing process that is locally unique to the publisher node. With this identifier the publishing process from where the message was published from can be uniquely identified. Receivers SHOULD use the transport session and the Publisher ID field to separate different publisher streams originating from the same network node. 3. Motivation Lost and corrupt YANG notification messages need to be recognized at the receiver to ensure data integrity even when multiple publisher processes publishing from the same transport session. To preserve data integrity down to the publisher process, the Message Publisher ID in the transport message header of the YANG notification message is introduced. In case of UDP transport, this is described in Section 3.2 of UDP-based transport [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif]. 4. Solution Overview Figure 1 below shows the distributed data export framework. A collector usually includes two components, * the Subscriber generates the subscription instructions to express what and how the Receiver wants to receive the data; * the Receiver is the target for the data publication. For one subscription, there can be one or more Receivers. And the Subscriber does not necessarily share the same IP address as the Receivers. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 In this framework, the Publisher pushes data to the Receiver according to the subscription. The Publisher is either in the Master or Agent role. The Master knows all the capabilities that his Agents can provide and exposes the Global Capability to the collector. The Subscriber maintains the Global Subscription at the Master and disassembles the Global Subscription to multiple Component Subscriptions, depending which source data is needed. The Component Subscriptions are then distributed to the corresponding Publisher Agents on route and processors on line cards. Publisher Agents collects metrics according to the Component Subscription, add its metadata, encapsulates, and pushes data to the Receiver where packets are reassembled and decapsulated. +-----------------------------------------+ | Collector |-------------+ | | +------------+ | | | +------------+ || Receiver | | | | | Subscriber | |--------------+ | | +-----^-+----+ +------------^ | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------+ Global | | Global | Capability| | Subscription | +-----------------------------------------+ | | | | | | +--------+-v-------------------+ | | | | Publisher(Master) | | | | +--------^-+-------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Component | | Component Push | | | Capability| | Subscription | | | +--------+-v-------------------+ | | | | Publisher(Agent) +--+ | | +------------------------------+ | | | | Network Node | +-----------------------------------------+ Figure 1: The Distributed Data Export Framework Master and Agents interact with each other in several ways: * Agents need to register at the Master at the beginning of their process life cycle. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 * Contracts are created between the Master and each Agent on the Component Capability, and the format for streaming data structure. * The Master relays the component subscriptions to the Agents. * The Agents announce the status of their Component Subscriptions to the Master. The status of the overall subscription is maintained by the Master. The Master is responsible for notifying the subscriber in case of problems with the Component Subscriptions. The technical mechanisms or protocols used for the coordination of operational information between Master and Agent is out-of-scope of this document. 5. Subscription Decomposition The Collector can only subscribe to the Master. This requires the Master to: 1. expose the Global Capability that can be served by multiple Publisher Agents; 2. disassemble the Global Subscription to multiple Component Subscriptions, and distribute them to the Publisher Agents of the corresponding metric sources so that they not overlap; 3. notify on changes when portions of a subscription moving between different Publisher Agents over time. And the Agent to: * Inherit the Global Subscription properties from Publisher Master for its Component Subscription; * share the same life-cycle as the Global Subscription; * share the same Subscription ID as the Global Subscription. 6. Publication Composition The Publisher Agent collects data and encapsulates the packets per Component Subscription. The format and structure of the data records are defined by the YANG schema, so that the decomposition at the Receiver can benefit from the structured and hierarchical data records. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 The Receiver is able to associate the YANG data records with Subscription ID [RFC8639] to the subscribed subscription and with Message Publisher ID to one of the publisher processes to enable message integrity. For the dynamic subscription, the output of the "establish- subscription" RPC defined in [RFC8639] MUST include a list of Message Publisher IDs to indicate how the Global Subscription is decomposed into several Component Subscriptions. The "subscription-started" and "subscription-modified" notification defined in [RFC8639] and "push-update" and "push-change-update" notification defined in [RFC8641] MUST also include a list of Message Publisher IDs to notify the current Publishers for the corresponding Global Subscription. 7. Subscription State Change Notifications In addition to sending event records to Receivers, the Master MUST also send subscription state change notifications [RFC8639] when events related to subscription management have occurred. All the subscription state change notifications MUST be delivered by the Master. When the subscription decomposition result changed, the "subscription-modified" notification MUST be sent to indicate the new list of Publishers. 8. Publisher Configurations This document assumes that all Publisher Agents are preconfigured to push data. The actual working Publisher Agents are selected based on the subscription decomposition result. All Publisher Agents share the same source IP address for data export. For connectionless data transport such as UDP based transport [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] the same Layer 4 source port for data export can be used. For connection based data transport such as HTTPS based transport [I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif], each Publisher Agent MUST be able to acknowledge packet retrieval from Receivers, and therefore requires a dedicated Layer 4 source port per software process. The specific configuration on transports is described in the responsible documents. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 9. YANG Tree module: ietf-distributed-notif augment /sn:subscriptions/sn:subscription: +--ro message-publisher-ids* uint32 augment /sn:subscription-started: +--ro message-publisher-ids* uint32 augment /sn:subscription-modified: +--ro message-publisher-ids* uint32 augment /sn:establish-subscription/sn:output: +--ro message-publisher-ids* uint32 augment /yp:push-update: +--ro message-publisher-id? uint32 augment /yp:push-change-update: +--ro message-publisher-id? uint32 10. YANG Module file "ietf-distributed-notif@2024-04-14.yang" module ietf-distributed-notif { yang-version 1.1; namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-distributed-notif"; prefix dn; import ietf-subscribed-notifications { prefix sn; } import ietf-yang-push { prefix yp; reference "RFC 8641: Subscription to YANG Notifications for Datastore Updates"; } organization "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group"; contact "WG Web: WG List: Authors: Guangying Zheng Tianran Zhou Thomas Graf Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 Pierre Francois Eric Voit "; description "Defines augmentation for ietf-subscribed-notifications to enable the distributed publication with single subscription. Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors of the code. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the RFC itself for full legal notices."; revision 2024-04-21 { description "Initial version"; reference "RFC XXXX: Subscription to Distributed Notifications"; } grouping message-publisher-id { description "Provides a reusable leaf of te message-publisher-id."; leaf message-publisher-id { type uint32; config false; description "Identifies the software process which publishes the message (e.g., processor 1 on line card 1). This field is used to notify the receiver which publisher process published which message."; } } grouping message-publisher-ids { description "Provides a reusable leaf-list of message-publisher-id-list."; Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 leaf-list message-publisher-ids { type uint32; config false; description "Identifies the software process which publishes the message (e.g., processor 1 on line card 1). This field is used to notify the receiver which publisher processes are going to publish."; } } augment "/sn:subscriptions/sn:subscription" { description "This augmentation allows the Message Publisher ID to be exposed for a subscription."; uses message-publisher-ids; } augment "/sn:subscription-started" { description "This augmentation adds the Message Publisher ID to the subscription-started subscription change notifications."; uses message-publisher-ids; } augment "/sn:subscription-modified" { description "This augmentation adds the Message Publisher ID to the subscription-modified subscription change notifications."; uses message-publisher-ids; } augment "/sn:establish-subscription/sn:output" { description "This augmentation adds the Message Publisher ID to the dynamic establish-subscription output."; uses message-publisher-ids; } augment "/yp:push-update" { description "This augmentation adds the Message Publisher ID in the push-update notification."; uses message-publisher-id; } Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 augment "/yp:push-change-update" { description "This augmentation adds the Message Publisher ID in the push-change-update notification."; uses message-publisher-id; } } 11. IANA Considerations This document registers the following namespace URI in the IETF XML Registry [RFC3688]: URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-distributed-notif Registrant Contact: The IESG. XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace. This document registers the following YANG module in the YANG Module Names registry [RFC3688]: Name: ietf-distributed-notif Namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-distributed-notif Prefix: dn Reference: RFC XXXX 12. Implementation Status Note to the RFC-Editor: Please remove this section before publishing. 12.1. Open Source Publisher INSA Lyon implemented this document for a YANG Push publisher on UDP-based Transport for Configured Subscriptions [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] in an example implementation. The open source code can be obtained here: [INSA-Lyon-Publisher]. 12.2. Open Source Receiver Library INSA Lyon implemented this document for a YANG Push receiver on UDP-based Transport for Configured Subscriptions [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] as a library. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 The open source code can be obtained here: [INSA-Lyon-Receiver]. 12.3. Pmacct Data Collection The open source YANG push receiver library has been integrated into the Pmacct open source Network Telemetry data collection. 12.4. Huawei VRP Huawei implemented this document for a YANG Push publisher on UDP-based Transport for Configured Subscriptions [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] in their VRP platform. 12.5. 6WIND VSR 6WIND implemented this document for a YANG Push publisher on UDP-based Transport for Configured Subscriptions [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] in their VSR platform. 13. Security Considerations The YANG module specified in this document defines a schema for data that is designed to be accessed via network management protocols such as NETCONF [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]. The lowest NETCONF layer is the secure transport layer, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is Secure Shell (SSH) [RFC6242]. The lowest RESTCONF layer is HTTPS, and the mandatory-to-implement secure transport is TLS [RFC5246]. The NETCONF Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC6536] provides the means to restrict access particulary for NETCONF or RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or RESTCONF protocol operations and content. The new data nodes introduced in this YANG module may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments. It is thus important to control read access (e.g., via get-config or notification) to this data nodes. These are the subtrees and data nodes and their sensitivity/vulnerability: * /subscriptions/subscription/message-publisher-ids The entries in the two lists above will show where subscribed resources might be located on the publishers. Access control MUST be set so that only someone with proper access permissions has the ability to access this resource. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 Other Security Considerations is the same as those discussed in [RFC8639]. 14. Contributors Alexander Clemm Futurewai 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara California United States of America Email: ludwig@clemm.org 15. Acknowledgements We thank Kent Watsen, Mahesh Jethanandani, Martin Bjorklund, Tim Carey, Qin Wu, Robert Wilton, Benoit Claise and Alex Huang Feng for their constructive suggestions for improving this document. 16. References 16.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688, DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004, . [RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008, . [RFC6241] Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011, . [RFC6242] Wasserman, M., "Using the NETCONF Protocol over Secure Shell (SSH)", RFC 6242, DOI 10.17487/RFC6242, June 2011, . Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 [RFC6536] Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) Access Control Model", RFC 6536, DOI 10.17487/RFC6536, March 2012, . [RFC7923] Voit, E., Clemm, A., and A. Gonzalez Prieto, "Requirements for Subscription to YANG Datastores", RFC 7923, DOI 10.17487/RFC7923, June 2016, . [RFC8040] Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC8342] Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., Shafer, P., Watsen, K., and R. Wilton, "Network Management Datastore Architecture (NMDA)", RFC 8342, DOI 10.17487/RFC8342, March 2018, . [RFC8639] Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard, E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications", RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019, . [RFC8641] Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641, September 2019, . 16.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif] Jethanandani, M. and K. Watsen, "An HTTPS-based Transport for YANG Notifications", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-netconf-https-notif-15, 1 February 2024, . [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] Zheng, G., Zhou, T., Graf, T., Francois, P., Feng, A. H., and P. Lucente, "UDP-based Transport for Configured Subscriptions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- ietf-netconf-udp-notif-14, 4 July 2024, . Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 [INSA-Lyon-Publisher] "INSA Lyon, YANG Push publisher example implementation", . [INSA-Lyon-Receiver] "INSA Lyon, YANG Push receiver library implementation", . [Paolo-Lucente-Pmacct] "Paolo Lucente, Pmacct open source Network Telemetry Data Collection", . Appendix A. Examples This appendix is non-normative. A.1. Dynamic Subscription Figure 2 shows a typical dynamic subscription to the network node with distributed data export capability. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+ | Subscriber/ | | Publisher | | Publisher | | Receiver | | (Master) | | (Agent) | +-------------+ +------+------+ +------+------+ | | | | establish-subscription | | +------------------------------>+ component | | | subscription | | RPC Reply: OK, id #22 +-------------->+ | Message Publisher ID [#1,#2] | | +<------------------------------+ | | | | | notif-mesg, id #22 | | | Message Publisher ID #1 | | +<------------------------------+ | | | | | notif-mesg, id#22 | | | Message Publisher ID #2 | | +<----------------------------------------------+ | | | | modify-subscription (id#22) | | +------------------------------>+ component | | | subscription | | RPC Reply: OK, id #22 +-------------->+ +<------------------------------+ | | | | | subscription-modified, id#22 | | | Message Publisher ID [#1] | | +<------------------------------+ | | | | | notif-mesg, id #22 | | | Message Publisher ID #1 | | +<------------------------------+ | | | | | | | + + + Figure 2: Call Flow for Dynamic Subscription A "establish-subscription" RPC request as per [RFC8641] is sent to the Master with a successful response. An example of using NETCONF: Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 ds:operational /ex:foo 500 Figure 3: "establish-subscription" Request As the network node is able to fully satisfy the request, the request is given a subscription ID of 22. The response as in Figure 4 indicates that the subscription is decomposed into two component subscriptions which will be published by two message Message Publisher ID: #1 and #2. 22 2 Figure 4: "establish-subscription" Positive RPC Response Then, both Publishers send notifications with the corresponding piece of data to the Receiver. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 The subscriber may invoke the "modify-subscription" RPC for a subscription it previously established. The RPC has no difference to the single publisher case as in [RFC8641]. Figure 5 provides an example where a subscriber attempts to modify the period and datastore XPath filter of a subscription using NETCONF. 22 ds:operational /ex:bar 250 Figure 5: "modify-subscription" Request If the modification is successfully accepted, the "subscription- modified" subscription state notification is sent to the subscriber by the Master. The notification, Figure 6 for example, indicates the modified subscription is decomposed into one component subscription which will be published by message Message Publisher ID #1. Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 2007-09-01T10:00:00Z 22 ds:operational /ex:bar 250 2007-09-01T10:00:00Z 39 ds:operational /ex:foo 250 2 Figure 8: "subscription-started" Subscription State Notification Then, both Publishers send notifications with the corresponding data record to the Receiver. Authors' Addresses Tianran Zhou Huawei 156 Beiqing Rd., Haidian District Beijing China Email: zhoutianran@huawei.com Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Distributed Notifications October 2024 Guangying Zheng Huawei 101 Yu-Hua-Tai Software Road Nanjing Jiangsu, China Email: zhengguangying@huawei.com Eric Voit Cisco Systems United States of America Email: evoit@cisco.com Thomas Graf Swisscom Binzring 17 CH- Zuerich 8045 Switzerland Email: thomas.graf@swisscom.com Pierre Francois INSA-Lyon Lyon France Email: pierre.francois@insa-lyon.fr Zhou, et al. Expires 21 April 2025 [Page 22]