Getting Ready for Energy-Efficient Networking E. Stephan Internet-Draft Orange Intended status: Informational M. Palmero Expires: 28 July 2025 Cisco Systems, Inc. B. Claise Q. Wu Huawei L. M. Contreras Telefonica 24 January 2025 Use Cases for Energy Efficiency Management draft-stephan-green-use-cases-00 Abstract This document groups use cases for Energy efficiency Management of network devices. Discussion Venues Source of this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/emile22/draft-stephan-green-use-cases About This Document This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://emile22.github.io/draft-stephan-green-use-cases/draft- stephan-green-use-cases.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-stephan-green- use-cases/. Discussion of this document takes place on the Getting Ready for Energy-Efficient Networking Working Group mailing list (mailto:green@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/green/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/green/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/emile22/draft-stephan-green-use-cases. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 28 July 2025. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Incremental Application of the GREEN Framework . . . . . 3 2.2. Selective reduction of energy consumption in network parts proportional to traffic levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Reporting on Lifecycle Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3.1. Carbon Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3.2. Energy Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4. Real-time Energy Metering of Virtualised or Cloud-native Network Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5. Indirect Energy Monitoring and control . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6. Consideration of other domains for obtention of end-to-end metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.7. Dynamic adjustment of network element throughput according to traffic levels in wireless transport networks . . . . 7 2.8. Video streaming use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.9. WLAN Network Energy Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.10. Fixed Network Energy Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.11. Energy Efficiency Network Management . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Use Cases Living List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8.1. Framework Discussed During the BoF . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. Introduction This document groups use cases collected from operators and from discussions since the GREEN WG preparations. It provides a set of use cases for Energy efficiency Management of network devices. The scope is devices like switches, routers, servers and storage devices having an IP address providing a management interface. It includes their built-in components that receive and provide electrical energy. In annex we recall the framework where the use cases can be put in situation. 2. Use Cases This section describes a number of relevant use cases with the purpose of elicit requirements for Energy Efficiency Management. This is a work in progress and additional use cases will be documented in next versions of this document. Use cases which are not tied enough to the current GREEN chater will be moved to the GREEN WG wiki pages or to other WGs or RGs. 2.1. Incremental Application of the GREEN Framework This section describes an incremental example [legacy-path] of usage showing how a product, a service and a network can use the framework in different settings. This use case is the less trendy of all the use cases by far as its ambitious is limited to migration and coexistence, as usual. Nevertheless from a telco perspective, it is the centrality for 2 main reasons: * to start immediatly the move to energy efficiency using legacy devices; Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 * to account the gain of the move one started; Once upon a time there was an very old legacy router named Rusty equipped with outdated ethernet and ugly optical interfaces. Despite his worn-out appearance, Rusty was determined to contribute to the energy efficiency effort. He dreamed of finding a way to optimize his old circuits and help reduce the power consumption of the network he had faithfully served for so many years. Though he was no longer in his prime, Rusty believed that even an old router like him could make a difference in a world striving for sustainability and help reduce the carbon footprint. He is convince that he still had a part to play in making the digital world a greener place. Device moving gradually to GREEN energy efficiency support: * step 1 "baseline" : establishing a reference point of typical energy usage, which is crucial for identifying inefficiencies and measuring improvements over time. At this step the controler use only the (c) part of the framework. It is collected from the datasheet. By establishing a baseline and using benchmarking, you can determine if your networking equipment is performing normally or if it is "off" from expected performance, guiding you in making necessary improvements. The initial measurement of your networking equipment's energy efficiency and performance, aka Baselining, needs to be in coordination with the vendor specifications and industry standards to understand what is considered normal or optimal performance. example: Baseline: Your switches operate at 5 Gbps per watt. Benchmarking: Vendor specification is 8 Gbps per watt; industry standard is 10 Gbps per watt. Action: Implement energy-saving measures and upgrades. Tracking: Measure again to see if efficiency improves towards 8-10 Gbps per watt. * step 2 "component": part of the device hw or sw migrated to support GREEN framework elements. * step 3 "device controleur" * step 4 "network level" (i) Avoid a power-on/power-off frequency to break component parts (aka laser, power parts, wire connectors ...) (ii) the gain must be measurable Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 (iii) network-wide energy efficiency solutions must include legacy devices and green-wg ready devices 2.2. Selective reduction of energy consumption in network parts proportional to traffic levels Traffic levels in a network follow patterns reflecting the behavior of consumers. Those patterns show periodicity in the terms of the traffic delivered, that can range from daily (from 00:00 to 23:59) to seasonal (e.g., winter to summer), showing peaks and valleys that could be exploited to reduce the consumption of energy in the network proportionally, in case the underlying network elements incorporate such capabilities. The reduction of energy consumption could be performed by leveraging on sleep modes in components up to more extreme actions such as switching off network components or modules. Such decisions are expected to no impact on the service delivered to customers, and could be accompanied by traffic relocation and / or concentration in the network. 2.3. Reporting on Lifecycle Management Lifecycle information related to manufacturing energy costs, transport, recyclability, and end-of-life disposal impacts is part of what is called "embedded carbon." This information is considered to be an estimated value, which might not be implemented today in the network devices. It might be part of the vendor information, and to be collected from datasheets or databases. In accordance with ISO 14040/44, this information should be considered as part of the sustainable strategy related to energy efficiency. Also, refer to the ecodesign framework [(EU) 2024/1781] published in June by the European Commission. 2.3.1. Carbon Reporting To report on carbon equivalents for global reporting, it is important to correlate the location where the specific entity/network element is operating with the corresponding carbon factor. Refer to the world emission factor from the International Energy Agency (IEA), electricity maps applications that reflect the carbon intensity of the electricity consumed, etc. 2.3.2. Energy Mix Energy efficiency is not limited to reducing the energy consumption, it is common to include carbon free, solar energy, wind energy, cogeneration in the efficiency. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 The type of the sources of energy of the power is one criteria of efficiency. There are other dimensions that must visible: As many telecom locations include battery or additionnally several backups levels (as example battery, standby generator ...) there is a requirement to known exactly when a backup power is in used and which one is. 2.4. Real-time Energy Metering of Virtualised or Cloud-native Network Functions Facilitating more precise and real-time estimations of energy consumed by virtualised or cloud-native network functions. Effective metering of virtualized network infrastructure is critical for the efficient management and operation of next-generation mobile networks [GREEN_NGNM]. 2.5. Indirect Energy Monitoring and control There are cases where Energy Management for some devices need to report on other entities. There are two major reasons for this. o For monitoring energy consumption of a particular entity, it is not always sufficient to communicate only with that entity. When the entity has no instrumentation for determining power, it might still be possible to obtain power values for the entity via communication with other entities in its power distribution tree. A simple example of this would be the retrieval of power values from a power meter at the power line into the entity. A Power Distribution Unit (PDU) and a Power over Ethernet (PoE) switch are common examples. Both supply power to other entities at sockets or ports, respectively, and are often instrumented to measure power per socket or port. Also it could be considered to obtain power values for the entity via communication with other entities outside of the power distribution tree, like for example external databases or even data sheets. o Similar considerations apply to controlling the power supply of an entity that often needs direct or indirect communications with another entity upstream in the power distribution tree. Again, a PDU and a PoE switch are common examples, if they have the capability to switch power on or off at their sockets or ports, respectively. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 2.6. Consideration of other domains for obtention of end-to-end metrics The technologies under the scope of IETF provide the necessary connectivity to other technological domains. For the obtention of metrics end-to-end it would be required to combine or compose the metrics per each of those domains. An exemplary case is the one of a network slice service. The concept of network slice was initially defined by 3GPP [TS23.501], and it has been further extended to the concerns of IETF [RFC9543]. In regards energy efficiency, 3GPP defines a number of energy-related key performance indicators (KPI) in [TS28.554], specifically Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy Consumption (EC) KPIs. There are KPIs particular for a slice supporting a specific kind of service (e.g., Mobile Broadband or MBB), or generic ones, like Generic Network Slice EE or Network Slice EC. Assuming these as the KPIs of interest, the motivation of this use case is the obtention of the equivalent KPIs at IETF level, that is, for the network slice service as defined in [RFC9543]. Note that according to [TS28.554], the Generic Network Slice EE is the performance of the network slice divided by the Network Slice EC. Same approach can be followed at IETF level. Note that for avoiding double counting the energy at IETF level in the calculation of the end-to-end metric, the 3GPP metric should only consider the efficiency and consumption of the 3GPP-related technologies. 2.7. Dynamic adjustment of network element throughput according to traffic levels in wireless transport networks Radio base stations are typically connected to the backbone network by means of fiber or wireless transport (e.g., microwave) technologies. In the specific case of wireless transport, automation frameworks have been defined [ONF-MW][RFC8432][mWT025] for their control and management. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 One of the parameters subject of automated control is the power of the radio links. The relevance of that capability is that the power can be adjusted accordingly to the traffic observed. Wireless transport networks are typically planned to support the maximum traffic capacity in their area of aggregation, that is, the traffic peak. With that input, the number of radio links in the network element and the corresponding power per radio link (for supporting a given modulation and link length in the worst weather conditions) are configured. This is done to avoid any kind of traffic loss in the worst operational situation. However, such operational needs are sporadic, giving room for optimization during normal operational circumstances and/or low traffic periods. Power-related parameters are for instance defined in [RFC8561]. Those power parameters can be dynamically configured to adjust the power to the observed traffic levels with some coarse granularity, but pursuing certain degrees of proportionality. 2.8. Video streaming use case Video streaming is nowadays the major source of traffic observed in ISP networks, in a propotion of 70% or even higher. Over-the-top distribution of streaming traffic is typically done by delivering a unicast flow per end user for the content of its interest.In consequence, during the hours of higher demand, the total traffic in the network is proportional to the concurrence of users consuming the video streaming service. The amount of traffic is also dependent of the resolution of the encoded video (the higher the resolution, the higher the bit rate per video flow), which tends to be higher as long as the users devices support such higher resolutions. The consequence of both the growth in the number of flows to be supported simultaneously, and the higher bit rate per flow, is that the nework elements in the path between the source of the video and the user have to be dimensioned accordingly. This implies the continuous upgrade of those network elements in terms of capacity, with the need of deploying high-capacity network elements and components. Apart from the fact that this process is shortening the lifetime of network elements, the need of high capacity interfaces also increase the energy consumption (despite the effort of manufacturers in creating more efficient network element platforms). Note that nowadays there is no actual possibility of activating energy consumption proportionality (in regards the delivered traffic) to such network elements. As a mean of slowing down this cycle of continuos renewal, and reduce the need og higher bit rate interfaces / line cards, it seems convenient to explore mechanisms that could reduce the volume of Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 traffic without impacting the user service expectations. Variants of multicast or different service delivery strategies can help to improve the energy efficiency associated to the video streaming service. It should be noted that another front for optimization is the one related to the deployment of cache servers in the network. 2.9. WLAN Network Energy Saving In a WLAN network, The AP is usually powered by a PoE switch. AP nodes are network devices with the largest number and consuming most of energy. Therefore, the working status of the AP is the core of the energy saving solution. The working status of the AP can be break down into 3 modes as follows: PoE power-off mode: In this mode, the PoE switch shuts down the port and stops supplying power to the AP. The AP does not consume power at all. When the AP wakes up, the port provides power again. In this mode, it usually takes a few minutes for the AP to recover. Hibernation mode: Only low power consumption is used to protect key hardware such as the CPU, and other components are shut down. Low power consumption mode: Compared with the hibernation mode, the low power consumption mode maintains a certain communication capability. For example, the AP retains only the 2.4 GHz band and disables other radio bands. In energy saving deployment, after the surrounding energy saving APs are shut down, the Working AP automatically adjusts their transmit power to increase the coverage of the entire area at specific energy saving period. In such case, energy saving APs can freely choose to switch to any mode we described above. /---\ | +-----+ | AP | | \---/ | +------------+ | | | |------+ PoE | /---\ | | Switch | | | | +------------+ | AP +-----+ \---/ Figure 1: PoE Power Off Mode Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 4 4 +----------+ \|/ +----------+ \|/ | | | | | | | +----+ | | | +----+ | | | |5GHz+-+----+ | |5GHz+-+-X--+ | | RF | | 2 | | RF | | 2 | +----+ | \|/ \ | +----+ | \|/ | +----+ | | ---\ | +----+ | | | 2.4GHz| | | \ | 2.4GHz| | | | | RF +-+----+ / | | RF +-+-X--+ | +----+ | 2 ---/ | +----+ | 2 | +----+ | \|/ / | +----+ | \|/ | 2.4GHz| | | | 2.4GHz| | | | | RF |-+----+ | | RF +-+----+ | +----+ | | +----+ | +----------+ +----------+ Figure 2: Low Power Consumption Mode +--+ +--+ +--+ |AP|--|AP|--- |AP| ------------------------------ +--+ +--+ \+--+ Grouping Recommended / \ Area Energy Saving Period +--+ +--+ +--+ ------------------------------ |AP| |AP| |AP| XED01-1 01:00:00,06:30:00 +--+ +--+ +--+ | | ------------------------------ +--+ +--+ |AP| +--+ /|AP| XED01-2 01:30:00,06:30:00 +--+--|AP|--- +--+ -------------------------------- +--+ Figure 3: Wireless Resource Management on APs 2.10. Fixed Network Energy Saving Traffic on the Tidal network has an obvious tidal period, including heavy-traffic periods and light-traffic periods: The time duration of heavy traffic load and light traffic load are clearly distinguished. The switching time between the heavy-traffic period and the light- traffic period is quite fixed and cyclic. In a tidal network, some network devices can be shut down or sleep during low-traffic periods to save energy. In the metro or backbone network, the routers support various different speed interfaces, e.g., the gigabit level to 10GE/50GE, or 100G to 400G. Routers might choose to adjust speed of the interface or downgrade from high speed interface to low speed interface based on network traffic load changes to save the energy. In addition, the routers can adjust the number of working network Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 processor cores and clock frequency of chipsets and the number of SerDes buses based on network traffic load changes to save the energy. 2.11. Energy Efficiency Network Management Network level Energy Efficiency allows network operators not only see real time energy consumption in the network devices of large scale network, but also allow you see o which network devices enable energy saving, which devices not,which are legacy ones, o The total energy consumption changing trend over the time of the day, for all network devices, o Energy efficiency changing trend over the time of the day for the whole network. With the better observability to energy consumption statistics data and energy efficiency statistics data, the network operators can know which part of the network need to be adjusted or optimized based on network status change. 3. Security Considerations Resiliency is an implicit use case of energy efficiency management which comes with numerous security considerations : Controlling Power State and power supply of entities are considered highly sensitive actions, since they can significantly affect the operation of directly and indirectly connected devices. Therefore, all control actions must be sufficiently protected through authentication, authorization, and integrity protection mechanisms. Entities that are not sufficiently secure to operate directly on the public Internet do exist and can be a significant cause of risk, for example, if the remote control functions can be exercised on those devices from anywhere on the Internet. The monitoring of energy-related quantities of an entity as addressed can be used to derive more information than just the received and provided energy; therefore, monitored data requires protection. This protection includes authentication and authorization of entities requesting access to monitored data as well as confidentiality protection during transmission of monitored data. Privacy of stored data in an entity must be taken into account. Monitored data may be used as input to control, accounting, and other actions, so integrity of transmitted information and authentication of the origin may be needed. 4. IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 5. Acknowledgments The contribution of Luis M. Contreras to this document has been supported by the Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking (SNS JU) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation projects 6Green (Grant Agreement no. 101096925) and Exigence (Grant Agreement no. 101139120). 6. Use Cases Living List Consider 5g vs network slicing: 3GPP spec describing energy efficiency KPIs. 3GPP TS 28.554. Reference:https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9543/ Connectivity from radio side (trying to control the traffic/related work to CCAMP) Marisol to add one use case: drift from data specifications... (somehow link to the above) Energy Metric in E2E view 7. References 7.1. Normative References [IEC.61850-7-4] International Electrotechnical Commission, "Communication networks and systems for power utility automation -- Part 7-4: Basic communication structure -- Compatible logical node classes and data object classes", March 2010. [IEC.62053-21] International Electrotechnical Commission, "Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) -- Particular requirements -- Part 21: Static meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2)", January 2003. [IEC.62053-22] International Electrotechnical Commission, "Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) -- Particular requirements -- Part 22: Static meters for active energy (classes 0,2 S and 0,5 S)", January 2003. [ATIS-0600015.03.2013] ATIS, "ATIS-0600015.03.2013: Energy Efficiency for Telecommunication Equipment: Methodology for Measurement and Reporting for Router and Ethernet Switch Products", 2013. 7.2. Informative References [IEC.60050] International Electrotechnical Commission, "Electropedia: The World's Online Electrotechnical Vocabulary", 2013, http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/welcome?openform (http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/welcome?openform). Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 8. Appendix This appendix should be removed when the initial set of GREEN WG documents will be stable 8.1. Framework Discussed During the BoF The framework is maintainded in this version of the draft. It will be removed when the use cases descriptions will be mature. Discovery functions involve identifying energy-managed networks, devices, and their components, as well as discovering the inventory of power components capabilities, optimization control capabilities, and nominal condition use. Monitoring functions encompass tracking power states, power attributes, energy consumption, network performance, and energy efficiency metrics. Control functions include managing energy-saving and optimization functions and the power states of energy-managed devices and their components. The overall framework is shown in Figure 4. Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 What needs to be standardized for Framework (3) Network Domain Level : (a) (b) (c) Inventory Monitor +- DataSheets/DataBase and/or via API Of identity Energy | Metadata and other device/component and Capability Efficiency | /network related information: ^ ^ | | | | .Power/Energy related metrics | | | .information | | | .origin of Energy Mix | | | .carbon aware based on location | | | | | | | | | | | v +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | * | | (2) controller (collection, compute and aggregate?) | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ ^ ^ ^ | (d) | (e) | (f) | |(g) Inventory | Monitor | GREEN WG: | |GREEN WG: Control Capability | Traffic | Monitor power | |(Energy saving | & power | Proportion, | |Functionality | consumption | Energy efficiency| |Localized mgmt/ | | ratio, etc) | |network wide mgmt) | | | | | | | | | | | v +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | * | | (1) Device/Component Level | | | | +---------+ +-----------+ +----------------+ +----------------+ | | | (I) | | (II) | | (III) | | (IV) | | | | Network | | Device | | Legacy Network | | 'Attached'(PoE | | | | Device | | Component | | Device | | kind) Device | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---------+ +-----------+ +----------------+ +----------------+ | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ (*) Energy Efficiency Management Function is implemented inside the device or in a controller Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 Figure 4: Framework discussed during the BoF The main elements in the framework are as follows: (a),(d) Discovery and Inventory (b),(c) GREEN Metrics (b),(f) Monitor energy efficiency (e) Monitor power consumption and traffic (IPPM WG throughput, traffic load, etc) (g) Control Energy Saving 9. Informative References [GREEN_NGNM] "NGMN Alliance, GREEN FUTURE NETWORKS: METERING IN VIRTUALISED RAN INFRASTRUCTURE", n.d., . [legacy-path] "Requirements for Energy Efficiency Management", 21 July 2024, . [mWT025] "ETSI GR mWT 025, Wireless Backhaul Network and Services Automation: SDN SBI YANG models, V1.1.1.", 31 March 2021. [ONF-MW] "ONF TR-532, Microwave Information Model, version 2.0.", 31 January 2024. [RFC8432] Ahlberg, J., Ed., Ye, M., Ed., Li, X., Contreras, LM., and CJ. Bernardos, "A Framework for Management and Control of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Interface Parameters", RFC 8432, DOI 10.17487/RFC8432, October 2018, . [RFC8561] Ahlberg, J., Ye, M., Li, X., Spreafico, D., and M. Vaupotic, "A YANG Data Model for Microwave Radio Link", RFC 8561, DOI 10.17487/RFC8561, June 2019, . Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Use Cases for Energy Efficiency January 2025 [RFC9543] Farrel, A., Ed., Drake, J., Ed., Rokui, R., Homma, S., Makhijani, K., Contreras, L., and J. Tantsura, "A Framework for Network Slices in Networks Built from IETF Technologies", RFC 9543, DOI 10.17487/RFC9543, March 2024, . [TS23.501] "3GPP TS 23.501, System architecture for the 5G System (5GS), 17.6.0.", 22 September 2022. [TS28.554] "3GPP TS 28.554, Management and orchestration; 5G end to end Key Performance Indicators (KPI), 17.15.0.", 25 September 2024. Authors' Addresses Emile Stephan Orange Email: emile.stephan@orange.com Marisol Palmero Cisco Systems, Inc. Email: mpalmero@cisco.com Benoit Claise Huawei Email: benoit.claise@huawei.com Qin Wu Huawei Email: bill.wu@huawei.com Luis M. Contreras Telefonica Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com Stephan, et al. Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 16]